Evolutionary Biology Calculators

Evolutionary biology calculators help students, researchers, and geneticists quickly estimate molecular divergence, population parameters, selection, and drift. Calculate molecular clock times, dN/dS ratios, effective population sizes, fixation probabilities, and selection coefficients for evolutionary analysis.

Additional tools cover haplotype diversity, phylogenetic tree scaling, coalescent times, founder effect allele frequency changes, and genetic drift variance. These calculators simplify complex evolutionary and population genetics computations for research, teaching, and data interpretation.

⚠ Disclaimer: These calculators use simplified formulas and standard assumptions. They are intended for educational and research purposes only and should not replace professional analyses or specialized software.

Molecular Clock Divergence

Genetic distance (subs/site) Rate (subs/site/MY)

Time = distance / rate

dN/dS Ratio

Nonsyn. substitutions Syn. substitutions

Effective Population Size (Ne)

Number of males (Nm) Number of females (Nf)

Ne = 4NmNf / (Nm+Nf)

Fixation Probability (neutral)

Initial copies of allele Population size (diploid N)

P ≈ initial copies / (2N)

Selection Coefficient (s)

Initial frequency (p0) Final frequency (pt) Generations (t)

s ≈ (1/t) × ln(pt(1−p0)/(p0(1−pt)))

Haplotype Diversity

Sample size (n) Sum of squared haplotype freqs (Σpi²)

Hd = (n/(n−1)) × (1−Σpi²)

Branch Length Scaler

Original length Scale factor

Coalescent Time

Effective population size (Ne)

E[T] ≈ 2Ne generations

Founder Effect Allele Freq

Original frequency (p) Founder size (Nf)

Expected variance ≈ p(1−p)/(2Nf)

Genetic Drift Variance

Allele freq (p) Ne

Var(p’) ≈ p(1−p)/(2Ne)